Constituição do campo psiquiátrico em uma cidade do nordeste brasileiro / Constitución del campo psiquiátrico en una ciudad del nordeste de Brasil / Constitution of the psychiatric field in a city in northeastern Brazil

No Brasil, o cuidado em psiquiatria passou a requerer pessoal de enfermagem desde as primeiras internações de pessoas com sofrimento psíquico nas enfermarias das Santas Casas de Misericórdia (SCM) da capital, Rio de Janeiro, até que, no século XIX, o primeiro hospítal psiquiátrico doi criado no Brasil. Depois de anos trabalhando dentro das instituições psiquiátricas, de forma integral, sem preparo e sem condições de trabalho dignas, o desenvolvimento socio-político da profissão de enfermagem impôs limites e critérios para o cuidado em psiquiatria [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

Historia de las políticas de salud mental en Brasil: implicaciones para la identidad profesional de la enfermera / History of mental health policies in Brazil: implications for the nurse's professional identity

Los cambios ocurridos a lo largo de la historia en el campo de la Enfermería en Salud Mental están directamente ligados a las reformulaciones en los campos político-ideológico y social de cada época, que redundan en la reconfiguración continua de sus procesos de trabajo. Del período del asilo al movimiento de Lucha Anti-Asilo, pasando por el momento actual reconocido como movimiento de contrarreforma psiquiátrica, el trabajo de las enfermeras ha sido llamado a reformularse constantemente, en un campo conflictivo de disputas entre modelos antagónicos de salud mental [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

Os primeiros passos para a institucionalização da loucura em Alagoas na segunda meta de do século XIX ao estabelecimento do Asylo Santa Leopoldina: inserção de enfermeiros e tratamento / Los primeros pasos hacia la institucionalización de la locura en Alagoas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta la instauración del Asilo Santa Leopoldina: inserción de enfermeras y tratamiento / The first steps towards the institutionalization of madness in Alagoas in the second half of the 19th century to the establishment of Asylo Santa Leopoldina: insertion of nurses and treatment

A partir de 1850 Alagoas começou a discutir sobre as primeiras medidas sanitárias para conter as epidemias no estado. Foi nesse contexto que a comissão de higiene pública passou a propor medidas sanitárias coletivas e/ou individuais, como a limpeza das ruas e pântanos, orientações à população, controle na criação de porcos, construção do hospital de caridade, cemitério público de Maceió, lazareto do porto do Francês, abertura de enfermarias provisórias e adaptações à cadeia pública, este último abrigando o primeiro local para os alienados no Estado [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

"Missing in Action" in Psychiatric Nursing History: The Role of Chief Nurse Adele S. Poston and Her Band of Nurses During World War I.

This is the first nursing journal article to introduce the pioneering work of American psychiatric nurse leader, Adele S. Poston. Poston supervised a team of nurses as they cared for soldiers serving with the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I in France. Poston and her nurses worked in the first American specialized neuropsychiatric hospital in a war. The soldiers they treated primarily had functional nervous disorders described at that time as "shell shock" or "war neuroses." The traumatized officers and enlisted men were considered capable of being cured and returned to active duty based on research done by American psychiatrists among British troops during the first 3 years of the war. The story of Poston's career prior, during, and after the war and her work with other nurses during a global war are significant in psychiatric nursing history. Bringing this hitherto missing piece of psychiatric and nursing history into the light gives us a unique opportunity to recognize Poston and the nurses who served with her, even as today we recognize the nurses who serve during the global COVID-19 pandemic. [Journal of Psychosocial and Mental Health Services, 59(6), 37-47.].

Representaciones sociales del rol de la enfermera chilena en salud mental y psiquiatría 1960-1975: Una mirada histórica / Social representations of the role of the chilean nurse in mental health and psychiatry 1960-1975: A historical view / Representações sociais do papel do enfermeiro chileno na saúde mental e na psiquiatria 1960-1975: um olhar histórico

INTRODUCCIÓN: La profesionalización de la enfermería psiquiátrica parte el año 1928 con la inclusión de la asignatura "Cuidados de enfermos mentales y nerviosos" en el currículum de la carrera de enfermería de la Universidad de Chile. OBJETIVO: Develar las representaciones sociales respecto del rol profesional de las enfermeras en el Hospital Psiquiátrico en la década del 60. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Investigación cualitativa desde el paradigma constructivista, de tipo descriptivo, metodología histórica de revisión documental e historia oral. Las unidades de estudio fueron a) las enfermeras que trabajaron en el Hospital Psiquiátrico en la década del 60 y b) la revisión de documentos primarios. La recolección de datos consistió en entrevistas semiestructuradas y documentos históricos. El análisis se realizó por medio del método comparativo constante y se apoyó en el programa Atlas. Ti. Se aplicaron los criterios de rigor metodológico y los 7 principios éticos de Ezequiel Emanuel, proyecto con aprobación del Comité de Ética Científico. RESULTADOS: Emergió 1 núcleo temático: la representación social.como subcategorías: ∗Ideario Valórico en elección y desarrollo de carrera profesional; ∗Profesionalismo y determinantes sociales; ∗Cuidado Integral como respuesta social. DISCUSIÓN: Destaca el rol asistencial, delegación de procedimientos médicos. CONCLUSIÓN: La enfermería profesional psiquiátrica se inicia en la década de los 60

INTRODUCTION: The professionalization of psychiatric nursing started in 1928 with the inclusion of the subject "Care of mental and nervous patients" in the curriculum of the nursing career at the University of Chile. OBJECTIVE: To reveal social representations regarding the professional role of nurses in the Psychiatric Hospital in the 60's. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Qualitative research from the constructivist paradigm, descriptive type, historical methodology of documentary review and oral history. The study units were: a) the nurses who worked in the Psychiatric Hospital in the 60's and b) the revision of primary documents. The data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews and historical documents. The analysis was carried out using the constant comparative method and supported by the Atlas. Ti software. The criteria of methodological rigor and the 7 ethical principles of Ezequiel Emanuel were applied, a project approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee. RESULTS: 1 thematic core emerged: social representation. As subcategories: ∗Valuable ideology in career choice and development; ∗Professionalism and social determinants; ∗Integral care as a social response. DISCUSSION: Higlight the asistential care, delegation of medical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Professional psychiatric nursing began in the 60's

INTRODUÇÃO: A profissionalização da parte enfermagem psiquiátrica 1928, com a inclusão do tema "Cuidar de pacientes mentais e nervosos" no currículo da carreira de enfermagem da Universidade de Chile. OBJETIVO: Revelar as representações sociais sobre o papel profissional do enfermeiro no Hospital Psiquiátrico na década de 60. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa qualitativa a partir do paradigma construtivista, descritivo, histórico de revisão de documentos metodologia e história oral. Unidades de estudo foram: a) as enfermeiras que trabalhavam no Hospital Psiquiátrico na década de 60 e b) análise de documentos primários. A coleta de dados consistiu de entrevistas semiestruturadas e documentos históricos. A análise foi realizada utilizando o método comparativo constante e apoiada pelo programa Atlas. Ti os critérios de rigor metodológico e princípios éticos 7 Ezequiel Emanuel, Comitê de Ética Científica aprovação do projeto foram aplicados. RESULTADOS: 1 núcleo temático emergiu: representação social.como subcategorias: ∗Ideologia valiosa na escolha de carreira e desenvolvimento; ∗Profissionalismo e determinantes sociais; ∗Cuidado integral como resposta social. CONCLUSÃO: A enfermagem psiquiátrica profissional iniciou-se na década de 60

Psychiatry's 'Others'? Rethinking the Professional Self-Fashioning of British Mental Nurses c. 1900-20.

Despite facing manifold social and educational barriers, British asylum nurses across the long nineteenth century articulated distinctive professional identities as a means of leveraging their position in the medical hierarchy. This article draws upon a corpus of previously unattributed contributions to the Asylum News (1897-1919) - one of the first journals produced for the edification of asylum workers - to illustrate the diversity of medical personae developed and disseminated by these employees in the Edwardian era. Through scientific and creative works, nurses engaged with the pressing social and medical debates of the day, in the process exposing a heterogeneous intellectual culture. Moreover, as their writings attest, for some ambitious nurses these pretensions to intellectual authority prompted claims for medical autonomy, driving agitation on the hospital wards. The article thus strengthens claims for the 'cultural agency' of asylum workers and offers new insights into the cultural antecedents of professionalisation and trade unionism.

[Psychiatric nurses experiences of the humanization movement during the first and second waves of deinstitutionalization in Quebec (1960-1990)]. / Les infirmières psychiatriques témoins d'un mouvement d'humanisation au cours des premières et deuxièmes vagues de la désinstitutionnalisation au Québec (1960-1990).

Introduction : This study examines the humanization movement at the Saint-Jean-de-Dieu psychiatric hospital between the 1960s and the 1990s.Context : Conducting a historiography of psychiatric deinstitutionalization in Quebec during the twentieth century shows that the institution was a place of social control and, above all else, a place where psychiatric patients were neglected and dehumanized.Objective : While the historiography since the 1960s has focused on a largely one-dimensional and critical reading of the way in which deinstitutionalization took place in Quebec, I have instead chosen to focus on the changes that took place within the Quebec hospital's walls.Method : In addition to the medical records of the patients who were interned in 1961, I conducted interviews to examine the experiences and emotions of nurses who worked in the psychiatric hospital between the 1960s and 1990s.Results : The examination of medical records revealed patients' reluctance and resistance to reintegrate into society. The interviews with nurses revealed that they often felt close to their patients.Discussion : The words and memories of nurses enrich and deepen the complexity of the history of psychiatric nursing practices, extend the existing historiography, and open new avenues for research in the field.Conclusion : The deinstitutionalization movement promoted mental health policies that transformed the old psychiatric hospital. This new analytical approach contributed to renewing the history of psychiatric nursing practices.

Letters From Peplau.

BACKGROUND: Dr. Hildegard Peplau, considered to be our first modern Nurse theorist and the Mother of Psychiatric Nursing, was a prolific writer, engaging in correspondence with colleagues and students who sought her professional and theoretical expertise. Through these letters, she influenced psychiatric nursing while maintaining a broad international network of professional colleagues. OBJECTIVES: An analysis of letters, written between 1990 and 1998, provides insights into Peplau's last decade of professional life and a model of how to support the next generation of nurse scholars. DESIGN: Using content analysis, 24 letters received between 1990 and 1998 were read, reread, and coded. Recurring themes were identified. RESULTS: Three themes were identified. These include Peplau, the Person: Living a Life of Professional Balance; Lighting a Spark: Investing in the Next Generation; and Work in the Vineyards of Nursing: Maintaining a Life of Scholarship. The letters depict Peplau's keen intellect, her wide professional network, her leisure time spent with family and friends, and her own work to assure that her theoretical legacy continued. CONCLUSIONS: Peplau's insights continue to be relevant as psychiatric mental health nursing leaders engage in activities to support the next generation of scholars and leaders.

[The end of the asylum, a change in representations]. / La fin de l'asile, un bouleversement des représentations.

Through the major changes which the psychiatric hospital has undergone throughout history, the question is raised of the identity of caregivers, what the psychiatric asylum provides as a response to mental illness, and the function of the asylum as a place for receiving and then caring for patients, within society. These radical changes, which undermine the narcissism of caregivers, have consequences both within the psychiatric hospital and society as a whole. Consequences which question the very notion of care in a post-modern society.

Life of Martha Entwistle: Australia's first convict mental health nurse.

The present position paper provides an account of the life of Martha Entwistle, the earliest recorded convict nurse who worked within the Castle Hill Asylum. In our review of primary historical sources, Australia's first convict mental health nurse was found to be a resilient woman who endured several traumatic life experiences. Her nursing within Australia's first mental health asylum was highly valued by the superintendent of the service. She nursed in a harsh colonial environment, short of adequate resources, during an era of fast-paced industrial and technological a change. Martha Entwistle's experiences provide a historical account of the role of the early convict mental health nurse. Her life story enables modern-day nurses to reflect on the advances made in mental health nursing and contexts of care for nurses today.

Different Places, Different Ideas: Reimagining Practice in American Psychiatric Nursing After World War II.

In 1952, Hildegard Peplau published her textbook Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. This was the same year the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1st ed.; DSM-I; APA). These events occurred in the context of a rapidly changing policy and practice environment in the United States after World War II, where the passing of the National Mental Health Act in 1946 released vast amounts of funding for the establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health and the development of advanced educational programs for the mental health professions including nursing. This article explores the work of two nurse leaders, Hildegard Peplau and Dorothy Mereness, as they developed their respective graduate psychiatric nursing programs and sought to create new knowledge for psychiatric nursing that would facilitate the development of advanced nursing practice. Both nurses had strong ideas about what they felt this practice should look like and developed distinct and particular approaches to their respective programs. This reflected a common belief that it was only through nurse-led education that psychiatric nursing could shape its own practice and control its own future. At the same time, there are similarities in the thinking of Peplau and Mereness that demonstrate the link between the specific social context of mental health immediately after World War II and the development of modern psychiatric nursing. Psychiatric nurses were able to gain significant control of their own education and practice after the war, but this was not without a struggle and some limitations, which continue to impact on the profession today.

[Théodore Simon (1873-1961). The career of a psychiatrist involved in the professionalization of psychiatric nurses]. / Théodore Simon (1873-1961). Itinéraire d?un psychiatre engagé pour la professionnalisation des infirmiers et infirmières d'asile.

Well-known for having created the famous Metric Scale of Intelligence along with the psychologist Alfred Binet (1857-1911), what is less known is that Théodore Simon (1873-1961) was also a major actor of the professionalization of psychiatric nurses in France. From his engaged textbook published in 1911 to his journal, explicitly titled ?L'Infirmier Psychiatrique,? which he created in 1953 via the specialized school he founded and directed between 1946 and 1957 at the Maison Blanche hospital in Neuilly-sur-Marne, Simon worked throughout his career for the acknowledgment and the training of those he considered as true partners. This is what we want to demonstrate in this paper, which redraws the forgotten career history of this militant psychiatrist in order to shine a light on his commitment to the professionalization of psychiatric nurses.

Ensino de graduação em enfermagem em saúde mental como aliado à consolidação do movimento de Reforma Psiquiátrica / Teaching undergraduate nursing in mental health as allied to the consolidation of the Psychiatric Reform movement

Objective: To analyze the updating of mental health education in a Nursing Undergraduate Course concomitantly with the implementation of the Psychiatric Reform in the municipality of Volta Redonda. Method: Historical-social study with primary sources consisting of written and oral documents. The analysis, based on the main concepts of the Psychiatric Reform, was performed by the triangulation of data. Results: In a transitional phase of mental health models, the municipality studied developed strategies to develop psychiatric reform, of which the creation of CAPS stands out. At the same time, an agreement with the Undergraduate Nursing Course enrolled students, still in the 1990s, in all the mental health services of the municipality. The teachers of this course acted as nurses, one in care and another in mental health management, facilitating the teaching-assistance dialogue. Conclusion: The graduate students, to integrate as interns services, contributed to the change of the concepts that supported the mental healthcare, while the psychiatric reform developed. This was a successful strategy to stimulate the formation of a new logic and care to brings killed labor to services, since the course graduates opted for acting in CAPS.

Objetivo: Analizar la actualización de la enseñanza de salud mental en un Curso de Graduación en Enfermería concomitantemente a la implantación de la Reforma Psiquiátrica en el municipio de Volta Redonda. Método: Estudio histórico-social con fuentes primarias constituidas de documentos escritos y orales. El análisis, sostenido en los principales conceptos de la Reforma Psiquiátrica, fue realizado por la triangulación de datos. Resultados: En una fase de transición de modelos de salud mental, el municipio estudiado creó estrategias para desarrollar la reforma psiquiátrica, de las cuales se destaca la creación de los CAPS. Al mismo tiempo, un convenio con el Curso de Graduación en Enfermería insertó a estudiantes, aún en la década de 1990, en todos los servicios de salud mental del municipio. Las profesoras de ese curso actuaban como enfermeras, una en la asistencia y otra en la gestión en salud mental, facilitando el diálogo enseñanza-asistencia. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de graduación, al integrar como pasantes los servicios, contribuían al cambio de los conceptos que sostenían el cuidado en salud mental, mientras la reforma psiquiátrica se desarrollaba. Este hecho fue una estrategia exitosa para estimular la formación en una nueva lógica asistencial y para traer mano de obra calificada a los servicios, una vez que los egresados ​​del curso optar por la actuación en los CAPS.

Objetivo: Analisar a atualização do ensino de saúde mental em um Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem, concomitantemente à implantação da Reforma Psiquiátrica no município de Volta Redonda. Método: Estudo histórico-social com fontes primárias constituídas de documentos escritos e orais. A análise, sustentada nos principais conceitos da Reforma Psiquiátrica, foi realizada pela triangulação de dados. Resultados: Em uma fase de transição de modelos de saúde mental, o município estudado criou estratégias para desenvolver a Reforma Psiquiátrica, das quais se destaca a criação dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Ao mesmo tempo, um convênio com o Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem inseriu estudantes, ainda na década de 1990, em todos os serviços de saúde mental do município. As professoras desse curso atuavam como enfermeiras, uma na assistência e outra na gestão em saúde mental, facilitando o diálogo ensino-assistência. Conclusão: Os estudantes de graduação, ao se integrarem nos serviços como estagiários, contribuíam para a mudança dos conceitos que sustentavam o cuidado em saúde mental, enquanto a Reforma Psiquiátrica se desenvolvia. Esse fato foi uma estratégia bem-sucedida para estimular a formação segundo uma nova lógica assistencial e trazer mão de obra qualificada aos serviços, uma vez que egressos do curso optaram pela atuação nos CAPS.

Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing in China: Past, Present and Future.

The mental health service model and policy have undergone dramatic changes and are moving toward the establishment of integrated service network-based community mental health services in China. But there are still some issues, such as shortage of resources, a relatively low rate of psychiatric treatment, lack of the knowledge about mental health in the general population, and stigma associated with mental disorders. This paper summarizes the history of psychiatric and mental health nursing in China and analyzes the characteristics of the current situation. There are healthcare challenges for psychiatric and mental health nurses with the mental health services reform by government, and in this paper we discuss future trends and provide suggestions for development of the psychiatric nursing profession, and mental health services reform.

Enfermarias mistas em psiquiatria: memória da enfermagem sobre um novo espaço assistencial no Brasil (1996-2002) / Enfermerías mixtas en psiquiatría: memoria de la enfermería sobre un nuevo espacio asistencial en Brasil (1996-2002) / Mixed wards in psychiatry: records of nursing care on a new assistance space in Brazil (1996-2002)

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as implicações da implantação das "Enfermarias Mistas" na configuração do espaço assis tencial do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB), na visão da equipe de enfermagem. Metodo: Estudo sócio-histórico, cujas fontes primárias foram documentos escritos e documentos orais produzidos com 5 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. Resultados: Nas Enfermarias Mistas a distri buição de doentes por sexo deu lugar a uma distribuição por quadro clínico, propiciando o surgimento de um espaço terapêutico diferenciado e facilitador da reabilitação psicossocial, denominado "enfermaria de portas abertas". A equipe de enfermagem ainda permaneceu com papéis de vigilância e controle, porém com maior liberdade para o planejamento de ações de reabilitação psicossocial. Conclusõa: As Enfermarias Mistas tiveram a equipe de enfermagem como principal agente transformador. Funcionou como estratégia de convivência sem segregação sexual, propiciando a existência de um novo espaço terapêutico, rompendo, dentro dopossível,com o modelo manicomial.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the implications of implementing "mixed wards" in the design of assistance space of the Psychiatry Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB), from the perspective of the nursing staff. Method: Sociohistorical study, whose primary sources were written and oral documents produced by 5 professional nursing staff members. Results: The distribution of patients by gender in mixed wards gave rise to a distribution by clinical presentation, which led to the emergence of a differentiated therapeutic space facilitating psychosocial rehabilitation called "open-door ward". The nursing staff still took roles of surveillance and control, but had greater freedom for the planning of psychosocial rehabilitation. Conclusion: Mixed wards worked as a strategy to cohabit without sexual segregation, allowing for the existence of a new therapeutic area, which ended, where possible, with the asylum model.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las implicancias de la implementación de las "Enfermerías Mixtas" en la configuración del espacio asistencial del Instituto de Psiquiatría de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro (IPUB), en la perspec tiva del personal de enfermería. Método: Estudio socio-histórico, cuyas fuentes primarias fueron documentos escritos y orales producidos con 5 miembros del personal profesional de enfermería. Resultados: La distribu ción de pacientes por género en las Enfermerías Mixtas generó una distribución por cuadro clínico, lo que llevó a la aparición de un espacio diferenciado terapéutico y facilitador de la rehabilitación psicosocial, llamado "enfermería de puertas abiertas". El personal de enfermeira, permaneció con funciones de vigilancia y control, pero con una mayor libertad para la planificación de la rehabilitación psicosocial. Conclusión: Las salas mixtas de hospitalización tuvieron al personal de enfermería como el principal agente de cambio. Funcionó como estrategia de convivencia sin segregación sexual, lo que permitió la existencia de un nuevo espacio terapéutico, rompiendo, posiblemente, con el modelo de aislamiento.

Atuação da enfermagem na implantação das residências terapêuticas para pessoas com transtorno psiquiátrico no município de Duque de Caxias-RJ (2004-2011) / Nursing actuations in the implantation of therapeutics residences for people with psychiatric disorder in the municipality of Duque de Caxias-RJ (2004-2011)

A Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira reconfigurou a assistência à pessoa com sofrimento psíquico e impôs a necessidade de criação de dispositivos terapêuticos, em substituição ao modelo manicomial. Nesse contexto são criadas as Residências Terapêuticas. No entanto, o seu processo de implantação é complexo, cuja participação da enfermagem é significativa. Os objetivos do estudo são: descrever as circunstâncias de criação das Residências Terapêuticas no município de Duque de Caxias- RJ e discutir a participação da enfermagem no processo de implantação das Residências Terapêuticas em Duque de Caxias- RJ. Metodologia: estudo histórico-social, cujas fontes primárias constituíram-se de leis, decretos, portarias e relatórios, além de depoimentos orais de profissionais envolvidos nesse processo. O recorte temporal foi de 2004 a 2011. As informações colhidas foram organizadas, classificadas e analisadas conforme o método histórico, com apoio da literatura sobre o tema. Além destes, foram utilizados para fundamentar a análise os conceitos que nortearam a Reforma Psiquiátrica: desospitalização, desinstitucionalização, reinserção social, reabilitação psicossocial e cidadania. Resultados: pode-se inferir que a implantação das Residências Terapêuticas representou um processo complexo onde se evidenciou a participação da enfermagem no planeamento, coordenação e implantação das residências terapêuticas no município de Duque de Caxias, estado do Rio de Janeiro- Brasil, onde a atuação do enfermeiro se deu também através da participação em dispositivos extra-hospitalares que compõem a rede de atenção à saúde mental no município de Duque de Caxias. Conclusão: a participação da enfermagem na implantação enquanto elo entre as Residências e a rede de apoio foi fundamental e imprescindível para o êxito desta política e para o resgate da cidadania e autonomia do usuário.(AU)